Battle of Cedar Mountain 150th Anniversary

On 9 August 1862, the relative quiet of the American Civil War in Virginia was broken with the fight at Cedar Mountain, in Culpeper County, Virginia.


Confederate General Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson (Left) and Union General Nathaniel P. Banks (Right)

The Union had cobbled the remnants of the three Departments/Armies that suffered defeat at the hands of CS Gen. Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson during the Spring 1862 Shenandoah Valley campaign into a single force, the Union Army of Virginia, under the command of the pompous US Gen. John Pope.  Pope had achieved a degree of success along the Mississippi earlier, and now came to Virginia with grand plans of crushing Robert E. Lee.  He also came determined to treat Virginian civilians loyal to their state as traitors, and imposed draconian measures against them.  Pope's Union Army of Virginia had in the vicinity of 50,000 men spread across Northern Virginia.

CS General Robert E. Lee, with his Confederate Army of Northern Virginia, had succeeded in knocking the fight out of US Gen. George McClellan and the Union Army of the Potomac a month before, and even now watched as McClellan's grand army slowly evacuated from Harrison's Landing on the James River back to Washington, DC.  The remaining army was to big to defeat, and without an adequate Naval force, there was little that could be done to stop the evacuation.  Pope's army, however, was of a size that Lee and his Army of Northern Virginia could perhaps contend with -- at least until the remainder of McClellan's army returned to that area.  So Lee would shift his forces north to deal with Pope, counting on McClellan and the Army of the Potomac having permanently given up the initiative.

So it was that Stonewall Jackson, commanding 22,000 men -- half of Lee's army -- crossed the Rapidan River into Culpeper County, hoping to deal a blow to a portion of Pope's army, the II Corps, US Army of Virginia, under US General Nathaniel Banks (who had been beaten by Jackson at Winchester that Spring), with his 12,000 men.


A map of the action, entitled the Battle of Cedar Run, after an alternate name for the Battle of Cedar Mountain.


Despite some surprising temporary success for this outnumbered Union force, they mauled the division of CS Gen Charles Winder, mortally wounding him, in the end, the Confederates carried the day.  Stonewall Jackson actually rallied his men by waving his still-sheathed sword over his head as he also clutched a flag in his other hand.


Jackson at Cedar Mountain rallying his men!

The NPS account of the Battle can be found here: http://www.cr.nps.gov/hps/abpp/battles/va022.htm

If you wish to visit the ground of the battle, the sign at this link marks the center of action.  There is actually a short hiking trail and a few other orientation signs offered to the public at the site by the Civil War Preservation Trust: http://www.hmdb.org/Marker.asp?Marker=41662


Detail from the battle map on the Civil War Trails sign at the battlesite.


After this battle in which Jackson suffered 1,400 casualties to Banks' 2,500, Jackson withdrew back across the Rapidan to wait for the rest of the Army of Northern Virginia.  Soon a new offensive would begin that would take the army back into an old battleground.  At the end of the month they would be back along the banks of the Bull Run in Manassas...

Live well!

Tobacco & Virginia

Despite its much-maligned qualities, Tobacco (Nicotiana species), a member of the Nightshade family, Solanaceae, was, in many ways, the crop that enabled the colony of Virginia, in particular, to survive.


A field of cultivated Tobacco in Chatham, Pittsylvania County, Virginia.


We might note that several species of Tobacco are grown commercially, with two most notable -- Nicotiana tabacum is certainly the most common, and is typically what folks are referring to when they say Tobacco.  Interestingly, N. rustica, which was the originally cultivated species in Virginia, and much more potent in nicotine, is now popular in Asia.  This site has an interesting set of information on these species: http://artsci.wustl.edu/~gjfritz/Nicotiana_sp.html



This map shows the primary areas of Tobacco production worldwide.


Today, China, India, and Brazil all produce more Tobacco than the United States.  In the United States, North Carolina and Kentucky are now the leaders in production, while in Virginia, production is concentrated in the Southside of Virginia (the south-central area).  The Tidewater, formerly an area of production, has long sense moved away from its production.  Still, reminders of its former place there remain in such things as the seal of Prince William County, Virginia and the flag of nearby Calvert County, Maryland.



The Seal of Prince William County, Virginia, with its prominent display of a Tobacco plant.


The flag of nearby Calvert County, Maryland, with a Tobacco leaf over the Calvert family crest.


Returning to the historical situation in colnial Virginia, Tobacco was the cash crop that finally gave a new colony of Virginia its economically viable reason for existing. Precious metals were not found here as they had been in Mexico and Peru, and Virginia was too far north for crops such as sugar.  So it was that Tobacco was struck upon as a cash crop that would grow, and would almost embody the economy of Virginia for several centuries.  It would continue to have an important role in the agriculture of Virginia for quite some time even after the Revolution.

In addition, the cultivation of Tobacco resulted in a unique and rural society in the Old Dominion.
"Thomas Jefferson noted in 1785 that, “[o]ur country being much intersected with navigable waters, and trade brought generally to our doors, instead of our being obliged to go in quest of it, has probably been one of the causes why we have no towns of any consequence.”[1] As Jefferson observed, part of the reason behind this aversion to all things urban was the tendency of the widely scattered planters to trade directly with England for her goods. These farmers traded directly with their mother country because, primarily, of the nature of the crop that they grew: tobacco. It was tobacco that Virginia grew above all else so that “[b]y the middle of the eighteenth century, many people both in the colonies and the mother country had come to regard Virginia and tobacco as synonymous.”[2] The Virginia farmer could to grow tobacco on a particular field for some three years before depleting the soil. He would then plant the field with corn for up to ten years, and he then “abandoned the field, allowing it to revert to pine forest.”[3] This was anything but the kind of farming known in England, for the farmer in the Old Dominion[4] rarely used the plough, never used manure, and would usually till the ground with hoes alone.[5] This reckless manner of cultivation demanded much land, for the tobacco farmer was always in need of fresh soil. This need of land was one major contributing factor to the scattered nature of Virginia’s citizens. The other was the tobacco driven economy. Tobacco was essentially the currency in the colony, for coins were rare in Virginia, and tobacco was used to pay for everything.  Even the royal governor of Virginia taxed in it.[6]  The majority of this cash crop would be shipped to England, and, in return, the goods desired would be shipped back over to the planters in the Old Dominion. The farmers themselves grew enough food to subsist, and so they gained all of their other wants by means of the tobacco shipped to England.  There was simply no reason to congregate in towns when there is no money, and no market for anything but tobacco to be sent to England.  Thus, Virginia was deprived not only of towns themselves, but the whole class of tradesmen that would normally be associated with the urban economy.  This was the economic and social arrangement that would remain dominant throughout Virginia’s years as a colony.

---

[1] Thomas Jefferson, Notes on the State of Virginia, ed. Frank Shuffelton (Paris: 1785; reprint, New York: Penguin Books, 1999), 114. Query XII.

[2] T.H. Breen, Tobacco Culture (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1985), 57.

[3] William Hemphill et al., Cavalier Commonwealth (New York: McGraw Hill Book Company, Ltd., 1957), 49.

[4] King Charles II, following his restoration to the English throne in 1660, granted the title of “Old Dominion” to the colony of Virginia.  This name of endearment was given in gratitude for Virginia’s loyalty to the Stuarts during the English Civil War.

[5] Charles Campbell, History of the Colony and Ancient Dominion of Virginia (Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott and Co., 1860), 349.

[6] Ibid., 350."

So it was Tobacco that prevented Virginia, the most populated of the original 13 states, from having any urban area larger than Williamsburg, which had a population not much more than 10,000.  The growth of cities of some larger size, such as Richmond or Norfolks, would have to be a later development.

Virginia, indeed, has a rich Tobacco Heritage!


Virginia's Tobacco Heritage License Plate

UPDATED: This article mentions a bit about Catholic Tobacco Heritage: http://www.catholicworldreport.com/Item/1762/in_the_habit_a_history_of_catholicism_and_tobacco.aspx

Live well!

Pundits, Thugs, Juggernauts, & a Bath

Today we take a mini trip to the massive nation of India to discuss five things: Pundits, Thugs, Juggernauts, IPA, and a Bath.

The first three are commonly used English terms that have an interesting history in India.


The Pundit, Nain Singh (+1895AD).

Pundits, now thought of as political commentators, were originially late 19th century Indian surveyors that mapped much of central Asia on behalf of the British Empire.  These Pundits, a word derived from the Sanskrit word for scholar, were able to travel into areas closed to Europeans.  Disguised as Buddhist pilgrims, they mapped vast tracts, hiding compasses in prayer wheels, and using Buddhist rosaries to measure distances covered.  Between 1865 and 1885, these Survey of India trained Pundits gave the British a solid understanding of the region previously unknown.


The goddess Kali, patroness of the Thugs.

Thugs, now thought of as bullies or criminals who rough up others, were originally an Indian sect of Hindus dedicated to the goddes Kali.  In the autumn, these Thugs would murder travellers, especially wealthy ones, as a sacrifice to the demonic Kali, often by strangling -- hence their other name of Phansigars, or stranglers.  This nasty practice was rooted out in India by the British.



The three chariots of the Rath Yatra procession in Puri, Orissa, India, with the Jagannath Temple to the right.


We know a juggernaut to be large and unstoppable, but few, perhaps, know the origin of the term.  In the Indian city of Puri, in the state of Orissa, is a temple of Jagannath (an incarnation of Vishnu/Krishna).  Each year, during the occassion of Rath Yatra, the idols of this temple are drawn in procession on a massive chariots.  It is from this, and the enormous chariots of Jagannath that we derive the word juggernaut!


Some Fuller's India Pale Ale.

IPA, or India Pale Ale, is a popular style of beer brewed with a healthy portion of hops, which give the beer its unique bitterness.  This name comes from the fact that this manner of beer, in the 19th century, was referred to as a pale ale prepared for the India climate.  Here is a good summary of how this name came and stuck, and how it related to India:
"All we know from the evidence we do have is that Hodgson was one of the brewers exporting pale ale to India, and became the most famous. We can guess that Hodgson quite likely knew of the opinion expressed in books on brewing written in the 1760s that it was a good idea to highly hop ales for export to warmer climes. But there is no evidence at all that Hodgson was the one to discover this. Eventually that general knowledge about the need to hop beers for export to places like India apparently led to brewers to announce for sale something they called “Pale Ale prepared for the East and West India Climate” and similar designations, which was eventually shortened or summarised as “India Pale Ale”. The fact that Hodgson called its beer “East India Pale Ale” in 1835 means it was probably “prepared for the East India climate” and so more highly hopped: whether it was so prepared in 1793 we don’t know" [cf., http://zythophile.wordpress.com/2010/03/31/ipa-the-executive-summary/]


The Ganges River at Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Finally, we have the Ganges River at the Indian city of Varanasi, in the state of Uttar Pradesh.  This is the most sacred spot on the Ganges for Hindus, and a bath here is thought to forgive sins.  This is despite the fact that the river water is something less than clean.  The following video gives you a good sense of taking a bath in the "sacred" Ganges:

Live well!

Colonial Government in Virginia

The Capitol in Williamsburg -- meeting place of the Governor's Council and the House of Burgesses prior to the Revolution.

Here is a brief description of the governance of Virginia during her colonial days, prior to the Revolution.  Note the governor and council were not elected -- the only elected officials in Virginia prior to independence were the members of the lower house, the House of Burgesses. The following selection describes this governmental structure with a particular emphasis on Cumberland County, Virginia:

"The governor and the colonial council were important in their role as the executive body of the colony. It was these appointed men who exercised veto power over legislation produced by the House, appointed local officials in all of the counties, and even acted as a supreme court of appeals for the colony. The crown appointed the governor, or more frequently in the eighteenth century, lieutenant governor. The Governor’s Council “had twelve members appointed for life by the king”[1]from the prominent political families of Virginia. No resident of Cumberland ever occupied either office in the days of royal rule. When the governor and council dealt with CumberlandCounty, it was to appoint and command. Despite its separation from the county in miles and membership, it was this Executive Council that nominated the local officials of the county on the recommendation of the county court, of course. With the erection of the new County of Cumberland, for instance, the Council ordered on 27 April 1749: “That a new Commission of the Peace issue for CumberlandCounty, and that the following Persons be in it, viz.: John Fleming, Daniel Stoner, George Carrington...”[2] Thus it was that all of the local officials, of whom there is much more to relate, received their office and authority in colonial Virginia. Despite the absence of Cumberlanders on the Council and in their governor’s chair, the recommendation of the county court was nearly always accepted: the Council and the local courts both desired the same planter class in positions of authority.

House of Burgesses

The other organ of colonial authority, and justly the more famous, is the House of Burgesses. This elected assembly of representatives legislated for the colony from its creation in 1619. Each county was entitled to two Burgesses,[3]elected by the freeholders of the county he would represent. Thus, the House of Burgesses not only represented the voice of the landowners in the colonial government, but also serves as the only sphere of electoral and nearly republican politics in the royal colony. Several historians have executed insightful studies into the voting habits of Virginia freeholders, and the character and stability, or lack thereof, of a county’s voting habits can often give the historian unique insights into politics of the day.

Elections for the House of Burgesses were not a regular occurrence: they happened on the occasion of the arrival of a new governor, and at the command of the governor whenever he may see fit to dissolve the body. “By-elections” could be conducted, of course, to fill a seat made vacant by death or resignation, but general elections were far more significant. “There were eight general elections between 1750 and 1774,”[4]the years that Cumberlandsent representatives to the House.

The laws governing elections remained rather stable after the revision of 1736 and stipulated that freeholders, those eligible to vote, were to be defined as a white male over twenty-one years of age who possessed “one hundred acres of unimproved land or twenty-five acres with a house and plantation.”[5] Eligibility to vote in an election depended upon this land ownership, not physical residence in the county. Despite the written limitation of franchise to these freeholders, “by law and practice freehold status came to encompass more than outright ownership of property and meant that both actual owners and holders of life leases could vote.”[6] After 1762, the requirement for one hundred unimproved acres was reduced to fifty, and provision was made for those owning a house and lot in an incorporated town.[7] This meant that a significant number of the white males of Virginiacounties could typically vote: “at most 15 percent of th[e] white population.”[8] CumberlandCounty, in 1763, had 586 freeholders out of 704 white tithables, an impressive 83.2%.[9] In Cumberland’s Southside neighbor, AmeliaCounty, for comparison, some 76% of 831 adult white males were eligible to vote in 1749, going down to approximately 55% of 1,243 in 1768.[10] Thus, although voter eligibility was certainly strict by the standards of the twenty-first century, they were quite open and universal for the day. Indeed, historians have often debated whether this was a democracy or an aristocracy.[11] Nevertheless, while franchise may have included a majority of white males, the office holders were almost universally a much more select group.

The election of the burgesses was one of the more colorful and memorable occasions in Virginia’s colonial politics. Responsibility for holding elections fell to the sheriff of the county, for “writs of election for the choice of the two burgesses from the county was to be sent to the sheriff, and he was to send a copy to each minister in the county, giving the time and place of the elections.”[12] The voting would take place at the county courthouse with the sheriff presiding – indeed, the voting began and closed at his discretion. Each voter publicly indicated for whom he cast his vote, after taking an oath that he was, indeed, a freeholder of that county. After 1762, the voting was “to be viva voce or by show of hands unless a poll was demanded.” In the event of a written vote, “the sheriff was to open a poll book listing the candidates and the voters were to write their names under the person for which they were voting.”[13] Much is written of the practice of “treating voters” – the practice of liberally giving away alcohol at the polls to“sweeten” the voter’s judgment.[14]

---

[1]Lucille Griffith, The Virginia House of Burgesses 1750-1774 (University, Alabama: The University of Alabama Press, 1970), 15.

[2] W. L. Hall, ed., Executive Journals of the Council of Colonial Virginia, Vol. V, 1739-1754 (Richmond: Virginia State Library, 1978, 2^nd edition), 284.

[3]Each city or borough, viz. Jamestown, Williamsburg, and Norfolk, and the College of William & Mary each elected one Burgess.

[4]Griffith, The Virginia House of Burgesses,45.

[5]Ibid., 49. Also, see IV Hening 524.

[6]John Gilman Kolp, Gentlemen and Freeholders: Electoral Politics in Colonial Virginia (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998), 43.

[7] Albert Ogden Porter, County Governmentin Virginia: A Legislative History, 1607-1904 (New York: AMS Press, Inc., 1966), 55-56.

[8]Kolp, Gentlemen and Freeholders, 43.

[9]Griffith, The Virginia House of Burgesses,167.

[10]Kolp, Gentlemen and Freeholders, 45.

[11]Cf. Robert E. and B. Katherine Brown, Virginia 1705-1786: Democracy or Aristocracy?(East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press, 1964)

[12]Porter, County Governmentin Virginia,55.

[13]Ibid.

[14]See Rhys Isaac, The Transformation of Virginia, 1740-1790(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1982), 111-113; Griffith, The Virginia House of Burgesses, 53; Kolp, Gentlemen and Freeholders, 28-32."

[From,"To declare for an Independency": Cumberland County, Virginia and the Revolution: 1749-1789 / by Thomas Eric Cole; http://magik.gmu.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1427221]

Live well!

Minor League Baseball

Baseball, "America's Pastime," has been played professionally since the late 19th century, with the National League of Major League Baseball being the oldest league in existence.

Baseball in America, unlike a sport such as Football or Basketball, has an extensive "farm system" of teams and players all affiliated with a Major League team.  These are those leagues that comprise "Minor League Baseball," and despite popular perception, those playing in these leagues are professional baseball players that can be called up by their affliliate Major League team as needed.

Minor League Baseball is divided into several levels, with AAA being just below Major League Baseball, followed by AA, Advanced A, [Low] A, Short-season A, and finally Rookie League A.  Each Major League team has one affliate at each level of play.

I present for you here the leagues and teams of AAA through A [sometimes designed Low A], and, at the end, a great map of franchise locations of Major League through A teams.  Note that I have omitted the AAA Mexican League, as it has no direct Major League affliliates.  You may visit the official website of Minor League Baseball here: http://www.milb.com/
----------------------
AAA
International League (AAA)

Division	Team	Founded²	MLB Affiliation	City	Stadium	Capacity³
North	Buffalo Bisons	1979	New York Mets	Buffalo, New York	Coca-Cola Field1	18,025
	Lehigh Valley IronPigs	2008	Philadelphia Phillies	Allentown, Pennsylvania	Coca-Cola Park	10,000
	Pawtucket Red Sox	1970	Boston Red Sox	Pawtucket, Rhode Island	McCoy Stadium	10,031
	Rochester Red Wings	1899	Minnesota Twins	Rochester, New York	Frontier Field	10,840
	Scranton/Wilkes-Barre Yankees	1989	New York Yankees	Moosic, Pennsylvania	PNC Field	10,310
	Syracuse Chiefs	1961	Washington Nationals	Syracuse, New York	Alliance Bank Stadium	11,071
South	Charlotte Knights	1976	Chicago White Sox	Fort Mill, South Carolina	Knights Stadium	10,002
	Durham Bulls	1902	Tampa Bay Rays	Durham, North Carolina	Durham Bulls Athletic Park	10,000
	Gwinnett Braves	2009	Atlanta Braves	Lawrenceville, Georgia	Coolray Field	10,475
	Norfolk Tides	1961	Baltimore Orioles	Norfolk, Virginia	Harbor Park	12,067
West	Columbus Clippers	1977	Cleveland Indians	Columbus, Ohio	Huntington Park	10,100
	Indianapolis Indians	1902	Pittsburgh Pirates	Indianapolis, Indiana	Victory Field	14,500
	Louisville Bats	1969	Cincinnati Reds	Louisville, Kentucky	Louisville Slugger Field	13,131
	Toledo Mud Hens	1965	Detroit Tigers	Toledo, Ohio	Fifth Third Field	10,300

Pacific Coast League (AAA)

American Conference
Division	Team	MLB Affiliation	City	Stadium	Capacity
North	Iowa Cubs	Chicago Cubs	Des Moines, Iowa	Principal Park	11,500
	Memphis Redbirds	St. Louis Cardinals	Memphis, Tennessee	AutoZone Park	14,384
	Nashville Sounds	Milwaukee Brewers	Nashville, Tennessee	Herschel Greer Stadium	10,300
	Omaha Storm Chasers	Kansas City Royals	Papillion, Nebraska	Werner Park	9,023
South	Albuquerque Isotopes	Los Angeles Dodgers	Albuquerque, New Mexico	Isotopes Park	12,379
	New Orleans Zephyrs	Miami Marlins	Metairie, Louisiana	Zephyr Field	10,000
	Oklahoma City RedHawks	Houston Astros	Oklahoma City, Oklahoma	Chickasaw Bricktown Ballpark	13,066
	Round Rock Express	Texas Rangers	Round Rock, Texas	Dell Diamond	11,000
Pacific Conference
Division	Team	MLB Affiliation	City	Stadium	Capacity
North	Colorado Springs Sky Sox	Colorado Rockies	Colorado Springs, Colorado	Security Service Field	8,500
	Reno Aces	Arizona Diamondbacks	Reno, Nevada	Aces Ballpark	9,100
	Salt Lake Bees	Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim	Salt Lake City, Utah	Spring Mobile Ballpark	15,411
	Tacoma Rainiers	Seattle Mariners	Tacoma, Washington	Cheney Stadium	9,600
South	Fresno Grizzlies	San Francisco Giants	Fresno, California	Chukchansi Park	12,500
	Las Vegas 51s	Toronto Blue Jays	Las Vegas, Nevada	Cashman Field	9,334
	Sacramento River Cats	Oakland Athletics	West Sacramento, California	Raley Field	14,014
	Tucson Padres	San Diego Padres	Tucson, Arizona	Kino Veterans Memorial Stadium	11,500

-----------------------------
AA
Eastern League (AA)

Division	Team	MLB Affiliation	City	Stadium	Capacity
Eastern Division	Binghamton Mets	New York Mets	Binghamton, New York	NYSEG Stadium	6,012
	New Britain Rock Cats	Minnesota Twins	New Britain, Connecticut	New Britain Stadium	6,146
	New Hampshire Fisher Cats	Toronto Blue Jays	Manchester, New Hampshire	Northeast Delta Dental Stadium	7,722
	Portland Sea Dogs	Boston Red Sox	Portland, Maine	Hadlock Field	7,368
	Reading Phillies	Philadelphia Phillies	Reading, Pennsylvania	FirstEnergy Stadium	9,000
	Trenton Thunder	New York Yankees	Trenton, New Jersey	Mercer County Waterfront Park	6,341
Western Division	Akron Aeros	Cleveland Indians	Akron, Ohio	Canal Park	9,097
	Altoona Curve	Pittsburgh Pirates	Altoona, Pennsylvania	Peoples Natural Gas Field	7,210
	Bowie Baysox	Baltimore Orioles	Bowie, Maryland	Prince George's Stadium	10,000
	Erie SeaWolves	Detroit Tigers	Erie, Pennsylvania	Jerry Uht Park	6,952
	Harrisburg Senators	Washington Nationals	Harrisburg, Pennsylvania	Metro Bank Park	6,187
	Richmond Flying Squirrels	San Francisco Giants	Richmond, Virginia	The Diamond	9,560

Southern League (AA)

Division	Team	MLB Affiliation	City	Stadium	Capacity
North	Birmingham Barons	Chicago White Sox	Hoover, Alabama	Regions Park	10,800
	Chattanooga Lookouts	Los Angeles Dodgers	Chattanooga, Tennessee	AT&T Field	6,340
	Huntsville Stars	Milwaukee Brewers	Huntsville, Alabama	Joe W. Davis Stadium	10,200
	Jackson Generals	Seattle Mariners	Jackson, Tennessee	Pringles Park	6,000
	Tennessee Smokies	Chicago Cubs	Sevierville, Tennessee	Smokies Park	6,412
South	Jacksonville Suns	Miami Marlins	Jacksonville, Florida	Baseball Grounds of Jacksonville	11,000
	Mississippi Braves	Atlanta Braves	Pearl, Mississippi	Trustmark Park	8,480
	Mobile BayBears	Arizona Diamondbacks	Mobile, Alabama	Hank Aaron Stadium	6,000
	Montgomery Biscuits	Tampa Bay Rays	Montgomery, Alabama	Montgomery Riverwalk Stadium	7,000
	Pensacola Blue Wahoos	Cincinnati Reds	Pensacola, Florida	Community Maritime Park	5,038

Texas League (AA)

Division	Team	MLB Affiliation	City	Stadium	Capacity
North	Arkansas Travelers	Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim	North Little Rock, Arkansas	Dickey-Stephens Park	5,800
	Northwest Arkansas Naturals	Kansas City Royals	Springdale, Arkansas	Arvest Ballpark	7,305
	Springfield Cardinals	St. Louis Cardinals	Springfield, Missouri	Hammons Field	10,486 (incl. 2,500 gen. admission)
	Tulsa Drillers	Colorado Rockies	Tulsa, Oklahoma	ONEOK Field	7,833
South	Corpus Christi Hooks	Houston Astros	Corpus Christi, Texas	Whataburger Field	5,050 fixed seats, 19 luxury suites, 2,000 General Admission
	Frisco RoughRiders	Texas Rangers	Frisco, Texas	Dr Pepper Ballpark	10,316
	Midland RockHounds	Oakland Athletics	Midland, Texas	Citibank Ballpark	6,669
	San Antonio Missions	San Diego Padres	San Antonio, Texas	Nelson W. Wolff Municipal Stadium	9,200

-----------------------
ADVANCED A
California League (Advanced A)

Division	Team	MLB Affiliation	City	Stadium	Capacity
Northern	Bakersfield Blaze	Cincinnati Reds	Bakersfield, California	Sam Lynn Ballpark	3,500
	Modesto Nuts	Colorado Rockies	Modesto, California	John Thurman Field	4,000
	San Jose Giants	San Francisco Giants	San Jose, California	San Jose Municipal Stadium	4,200
	Stockton Ports	Oakland Athletics	Stockton, California	Banner Island Ballpark	5,300
	Visalia Rawhide	Arizona Diamondbacks	Visalia, California	Recreation Park	2,468
Southern	High Desert Mavericks	Seattle Mariners	Adelanto, California	Stater Bros. Stadium	3,808
	Inland Empire 66ers of San Bernardino	Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim	San Bernardino, California	San Manuel Stadium	5,000
	Lake Elsinore Storm	San Diego Padres	Lake Elsinore, California	Lake Elsinore Diamond	7,866
	Lancaster JetHawks	Houston Astros	Lancaster, California	Clear Channel Stadium	6,860
	Rancho Cucamonga Quakes	Los Angeles Dodgers	Rancho Cucamonga, California	The Epicenter	6,200

Carolina League (Advanced A)

Division	Team	MLB Affiliation	City	Stadium	Capacity
Northern	Frederick Keys	Baltimore Orioles	Frederick, Maryland	Harry Grove Stadium	5,400
	Lynchburg Hillcats	Atlanta Braves	Lynchburg, Virginia	Calvin Falwell Field	4,000
	Potomac Nationals	Washington Nationals	Woodbridge, Virginia	G. Richard Pfitzner Stadium	6,000
	Wilmington Blue Rocks	Kansas City Royals	Wilmington, Delaware	Daniel S. Frawley Stadium	6,532
Southern	Carolina Mudcats	Cleveland Indians	Zebulon, North Carolina (Raleigh Area)	Five County Stadium	6,500
	Myrtle Beach Pelicans	Texas Rangers	Myrtle Beach, South Carolina	TicketReturn.Com Field at Pelicans Ballpark	4,875
	Salem Red Sox	Boston Red Sox	Salem, Virginia (Roanoke area)	Lewis-Gale Field	6,300
	Winston-Salem Dash	Chicago White Sox	Winston-Salem, North Carolina	BB&T Ballpark	5,500

Florida State League (Advanced A)

Division	Team	MLB Affiliation	City	Stadium	Capacity
North	Brevard County Manatees	Milwaukee Brewers	Viera, Florida	Space Coast Stadium	8,100
	Clearwater Threshers	Philadelphia Phillies	Clearwater, Florida	Bright House Field	8,500
	Daytona Cubs	Chicago Cubs	Daytona Beach, Florida	Jackie Robinson Ballpark	4,200
	Dunedin Blue Jays	Toronto Blue Jays	Dunedin, Florida	Florida Auto Exchange Stadium	5,510
	Lakeland Flying Tigers	Detroit Tigers	Lakeland, Florida	Joker Marchant Stadium	8,500
	Tampa Yankees	New York Yankees	Tampa, Florida	George M. Steinbrenner Field	10,000
South	Bradenton Marauders	Pittsburgh Pirates	Bradenton, Florida	McKechnie Field	6,602
	Charlotte Stone Crabs	Tampa Bay Rays	Port Charlotte, Florida	Charlotte Sports Park1	7,000
	Fort Myers Miracle	Minnesota Twins	Fort Myers, Florida	Hammond Stadium	7,500
	Jupiter Hammerheads	Miami Marlins	Jupiter, Florida	Roger Dean Stadium	6,871
	Palm Beach Cardinals	St. Louis Cardinals	Jupiter, Florida	Roger Dean Stadium	6,871
	St. Lucie Mets	New York Mets	Port St. Lucie, Florida	Digital Domain Park	7,347

-----------------
[Low] A
Midwest League (A)

Division	Team	MLB Affiliation	City	Stadium	Capacity
Eastern	Bowling Green Hot Rods	Tampa Bay Rays	Bowling Green, Kentucky	Bowling Green Ballpark	4,559
	Dayton Dragons	Cincinnati Reds	Dayton, Ohio	Fifth Third Field	7,230
	Fort Wayne TinCaps	San Diego Padres	Fort Wayne, Indiana	Parkview Field	6,516
	Great Lakes Loons	Los Angeles Dodgers	Midland, Michigan	Dow Diamond	5,500
	Lake County Captains	Cleveland Indians	Eastlake, Ohio	Classic Park	7,273
	Lansing Lugnuts	Toronto Blue Jays	Lansing, Michigan	Cooley Law School Stadium	11,000
	South Bend Silver Hawks	Arizona Diamondbacks	South Bend, Indiana	Stanley Coveleski Regional Stadium	5,000
	West Michigan Whitecaps	Detroit Tigers	Comstock Park, Michigan	Fifth Third Ballpark	10,071
Western	Beloit Snappers	Minnesota Twins	Beloit, Wisconsin	Harry C. Pohlman Field	3,501
	Burlington Bees	Oakland Athletics	Burlington, Iowa	Community Field	3,200
	Cedar Rapids Kernels	Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim	Cedar Rapids, Iowa	Veterans Memorial Stadium	5,300
	Clinton LumberKings	Seattle Mariners	Clinton, Iowa	Ashford University Field	3,000
	Kane County Cougars	Kansas City Royals	Geneva, Illinois	Fifth Third Bank Ballpark	7,400
	Peoria Chiefs	Chicago Cubs	Peoria, Illinois	O'Brien Field	7,377
	Quad Cities River Bandits	St. Louis Cardinals	Davenport, Iowa	Modern Woodmen Park	4,024
	Wisconsin Timber Rattlers	Milwaukee Brewers	Grand Chute, Wisconsin	Time Warner Cable Field at Fox Cities Stadium	5,500

South Atlantic League (A)

Division	Team	MLB Affiliation	City	Stadium	Capacity
Northern	Delmarva Shorebirds	Baltimore Orioles	Salisbury, Maryland	Arthur W. Perdue Stadium	5,200
	Greensboro Grasshoppers	Miami Marlins	Greensboro, North Carolina	NewBridge Bank Park	7,499
	Hagerstown Suns	Washington Nationals	Hagerstown, Maryland	Municipal Stadium	4,600
	Hickory Crawdads	Texas Rangers	Hickory, North Carolina	L. P. Frans Stadium	5,092
	Kannapolis Intimidators	Chicago White Sox	Kannapolis, North Carolina	CMC-NorthEast Stadium	4,700
	Lakewood BlueClaws	Philadelphia Phillies	Lakewood, New Jersey	FirstEnergy Park	6,588
	West Virginia Power	Pittsburgh Pirates	Charleston, West Virginia	Appalachian Power Park	6,200
Southern	Asheville Tourists	Colorado Rockies	Asheville, North Carolina	McCormick Field	4,000
	Augusta GreenJackets	San Francisco Giants	Augusta, Georgia	Lake Olmstead Stadium	4,400
	Charleston RiverDogs	New York Yankees	Charleston, South Carolina	Joseph P. Riley, Jr. Park	6,000
	Greenville Drive	Boston Red Sox	Greenville, South Carolina	Fluor Field at the West End	6,000
	Lexington Legends	Houston Astros	Lexington, Kentucky	Whitaker Bank Ballpark	6,994
	Rome Braves	Atlanta Braves	Rome, Georgia	State Mutual Stadium	5,105
	Savannah Sand Gnats	New York Mets	Savannah, Georgia	Grayson Stadium	5,000

This is a splendid, if a bit out of date, map of Minor League and Major League Baseball franchise locations.  Click this link to view this map in detail: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/USbaseballmap.PNG


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