GA State Holiday: Lee's Birthday

Lee in 1863, while Commanding the Army of Northern Virginia


One of the greatest military leaders in the history of the United States is General Robert E. Lee (+1870AD) of Virginia.  Today, 19 January, in 1807, Lee was born at Stratford Hall, in Westmoreland County, Virginia.  Last Friday, 15 January, was celebrated in that Commonwealth of Virginia as the state holiday of "Lee-Jackson Day," honoring both Lee and General Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson.

Today, 19 January, in the State of Georgia, is a state holiday; a state holiday that, for the first time this year is listed without specific reference to Robert E. Lee.  The governor's proclamation of state holidays for 2016 can be found here:
Georgia State Holidays: 2016

For the sake of comparison, here is the same document from 2015, which reflects how the day has been noted each year prior:
Georgia State Holidays: 2015

Oddly, even if today is listed as a state holiday in Georgia, the actual day off and government observance will come the day after Thanksgiving, in November.


Who, then, was Confederate General Robert E. Lee?

His father a leader in the American Revolution, "Light Horse" Harry Lee, and his mother a member of the distinguished Carter family of Virginia, Lee certainly had notable bloodlines.

More than this, however, was his own talent and character.  Lee's remarkable military career is well known, with his great victories in command of the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia, such as that at Second Manassas and Chancellorsville, renowned.  He was loved by his men, feared and respected by his foes, gracious in victory and humble in defeat.

This speaks to his character.  Lee was a devout Episcopalian, who took his faith, and, in particular, his duties, very seriously.  Indeed, just as duty might be said to partly define what a gentleman is, so it defined Robert E. Lee.  There are any number of stories that attest to his great sense of duty and honor.

It was this sense of duty that caused him to remain loyal to his home state of Virginia with the coming of the war, despite the fact that he was no zealot for secession.  When offered command of the armed forces of the Commonwealth of Virginia, his speech to the Convention at Richmond on 23 April 1861 was brief, but very much in character:
"Mr. President and Gentlemen of the Convention: Deeply impressed with the solemnity of the occasion on which I appear before you, and profoundly grateful for the honour conferred upon me, I accept the position your partiality has assigned me, though I would greatly have preferred your choice should have fallen on one more capable.  Trusting to Almighty God, an approving conscience, and the aid of my fellow citizens, I will devote myself to the defense and service of my native State, in whose behalf alone would I have ever drawn my sword."

After the war, he would serve as President of Washington College, now Washington & Lee University, in Lexington, Virginia, where he is buried.

Here is a short biography of Lee:
Civil War Home: Lee


Lee in 1869, while President of Washington College (now Washington & Lee University) in Lexington, Virginia.

On this anniversary of his birth, you might be interested in "virtually" visiting a few of the sites associated with General Lee.

He was born at Stratford Hall, Westmoreland County, Virginia:
Stratford Hall Official Site

He lived for many years with his wife, Mary Anna Randolph Custis, (great-granddaughter of Martha Custis Washington by the first lady's first husband) at the Arlington House, in the county now named for it.  This home is on a magnificent bluff overlooking Washington, DC, and was, of course, seized by the federal government to be used as a cemetery, now Arlington National Cemetery.  The Lee family was later reimbursed for what was determined to be wrongful seizure.  The house itself is now designated as the Robert E. Lee Memorial:
Arlington House: Robert E. Lee Memorial

In Georgia, Fort Pulaski in Chatham County near Savannah, was actually partially designed by a young army engineer, Robert E. Lee:
Robert E. Lee at Fort Pulaski

Finally, Robert E. Lee is buried in the chapel of Washington & Lee University in Lexington, Virginia:
Lee Chapel

May each of us have the character to act with honor and devotion, even in the face of crisis and hardship.

Deo vindice!

Live well!

Pilgrimage to Roma & Assisi, 2015AD

Pilgrimage to Italia, 2015AD

This blogger recently went on pilgrimage to the Eternal City of Roma, Lazio, and Assisi, Umbria, Italia, along with Vatican City.  This post forms a sort of travel log of the visit -- with photos only taken on the trip and the date recorded.  It is ever a wonderful opportunity to travel ad limina apostolorum on pilgrimage; certainly part of living well!  

Formatting key (at least as much as this blog supports any manner of consistent formatting!)

• Sites in BOLD are those visited or viewed by the whole group
• Those in regular print were only visited by this blogger in smaller, optional groups.
• Italics indicate that a site was visited
• Non-Italics were only viewed from the exterior!

Monday, 23 November

·        Casa per ferie Santa Maria alle Fornaci:  This was the Trinitarian-run hotel where we stayed for the duration of our visit.

·        Santa Maria alle Fornaci: This was the Trinitarian church next to the Casa where we stayed.  It was never part of any tour, but it was our neighboring church!

·         Piazza San Pietro:  [St. Peter’s Square] The famous piazza in front of the Basilica of San Pietro in Vaticano [St. Peter’s at the Vatican] is notable for the views of the colonnade by Gianlorenzo Bernini, the façade by Carlo Maderno, and the dome designed by Michelangelo.

·         Borgo Pio:  This is one of the more concentrated areas of religious goods shops, located between the Leonine Wall and the Via della Conciliazione.

·        Santa Maria in Traspontina:  This is the Carmelite church on the Via della Conciliazione between St. Peter’s and the Tiber River.

·        Castel Sant’Angelo:  This was originally the mausoleum of the Emperor Hadrian, later converted into the fortress-palace that it is today.

·        Ponte Sant’Angelo: [Bridge of the Angels] This historic bridge crosses the Tiber next to the imposing Mausoleum of Hadrian (Castel Sant’Angelo) and affords great views of St. Peter’s.  Of course, the sculptures of the angels with the instruments of the Passion by Bernini and his school are memorable.

·        San Giovanni dei Fiorentini: This is the Florentine church in the city of Rome.  San Giovanni is right across the Tiber from St. Peter’s.  It is also noteworthy for the statues on the façade, for the statue of St. John the Baptist over the altar, for the dome by Carlo Maderno, who is buried here along with Francesco Borromini, and the relic of the foot of St. Mary Magdalene.

·         Porto Santo Spirito: This gate in the Leonine Walls of the Vatican side of the Tiber, which date to the 9^th century, was designed by Antonio da Sangallo the Younger in the 16^th century.

·        Santo Spirito in Sassia: Once the home of the Saxons in Rome, it is now the focus of the Divine Mercy devotion in the city.  The current church bears the architectural mark of Antonio da Sangallo the Younger.

Tuesday, 24 November

• Chiesa Nuova:  [New Church]:  This, officially called Santa Maria in Vallicella, is the burial place of St. Philip Neri.  It is a sumptuously decorated baroque church on the Corso Vittorio Emanuele II. 

• Santa Maria della Pace: We viewed this Church’s semi-circular portico, by Pietro da Cortona, from the outside.

• Santa Maria dell’Anima:  This is the German national church in Rome, and the burial place of Pope Adrian VI, the last non-Italian pope prior to St. John Paul II.

·        Piazza Navona:  This oval piazza was once the Circus of Domitian, and today is the site of three fountains, the largest being Bernini’s Fountain of the Four Rivers at the center of the Piazza.

·        Sant’Agnese in Agone:   This Church on Piazza Navona was designed by Francesco Borromini, and sits on the site of the martyrdom of St. Agnes.  Her skull is kept here in a side chapel.

·        San Agostino:  This church of St. Augustine has several notable sites and pieces of art: the tomb of St. Monica and a painting of Our Lady by Caravaggio.  It has a ceiling similar to that of Santa Maria sopra Minerva, i.e., painted blue with stars.  Here is a video, taken from our visit, of the apse and then to the left, the chapel where St. Monica is buried:

·        San Luigi dei Francesi:  This baroque church is the French national church in Rome.  The Caravaggio paintings of St. Matthew are its most famous feature.

• Santa Maria sopra Minerva:   This Dominican Gothic church, with its memorable blue, starry ceiling, is the burial place of, amongst others, St. Catherine of Siena, Beato Fra Angelico, Pope Clement VII, and Pope Leo X.  The statue of Our Lord by Michelangelo and the Bernini elephant obelisk in the piazza out front are notable.  So, too, is the Carafa Chapel, in which Pope Paul IV is buried, and which features magnificent work by Filippino Lippi.

• Sant’Ignazio:   This Jesuit baroque church of Saint Ignatius of Loyola is the burial place of Saints Robert Bellarmine (author of Ars bene moriendi, tomb pictured above), Aloysius Gonzaga, and John Berchmans.  The ceilings that “open to the skies,” and the false (painted) dome make this church memorable.  The piazza out front is a wonderful example of 18^th century urban space architecture.

• Piazza della Rotonda:  This is the city square in front of the Pantheon, marked with the obligatory fountain and obelisk of a great square.

·        La Maddalena:  This Roccoco Church dedicated to St. Mary Magdalene is the burial place of St. Camillus de Lellis, and a wonderful example of 18^th century baroque.

·        Pantheon: [Church of Our Lady of the Martyrs]: This unusual church was once a pagan temple dedicated to “all the gods” constructed in the waning years of the Roman Republic, and completed during the reign of the Emperor Hadrian.  It is notable for its massive concrete dome, the tomb of Raphael, and the tombs of the liberal 19^th and 20^th century Italian kings, including King Victor Emmanuel II.

• Area Sacra dell’Argentina:  This archeological site features Republican era temples, and the site of the assassination of Julius Caesar in 44BC.

·        Campo de Fiori:  This piazza is a famous street market in Rome, known for its flowers, and for its statue of the unfortunate fellow executed in the place, the heretic Giordano Bruno.

• Piazza Farnese: This piazza is dominated by the impressive Palazzo Farnese, constructed for Cardinal Farnese, later Pope Paul III, who opened the Council of Trent, by Antonio Sangallo the Younger and Michelangelo, is now the French Embassy in Rome.

• Via Giulia:  This uncharacteristically straight road was laid out by Bramante for Pope Julius II, and makes for a splendid 16^th century architectural walk.  Along the way, we admired the façade of the church, Santa Maria dell’Orazione e Morte (pictured above).

• Santa Maria in Monserrato:  This is the Spanish national church in Rome.  It is a charming church, whose side chapels were decorated with nativity scenes from various Hispanic nations for Advent.

• San Salvatore in Lauro: This Church off of the historic Via della Coronari sat near the Ponte Sant’Angelo where a grove of Laurels once grew.  This is the burial place of Pope Eugene IV and the site of modern devotion to Saint Pio and St. John Paul II.

Wednesday, 25 November, Assisi

• Porta Nuova: This gate is the easternmost in the upper city, and was our entry way into Assisi.

• Santa Chiara: This pink and white church is the location of the tomb of St. Clare.  It also houses the San Damiano cross of St. Francis of Assisi.

• San Rufino:   This is the cathedral church of Assisi, and the place where St. Francis, St. Clare, and Emperor Frederick II were all baptized.  It has a splendid Umbrian Romanesque façade.

• Piazza del Comune:  This is the main, central square, of Assisi, location of the medieval bell tower, city hall, a fountain, and the church of Santa Maria sopra Minerva.

• Santa Maria sopra Minerva in Assisi:   This church, formerly a pagan temple to Minerva, is marked by its columns and bell tower our front.  Inside, it has baroque furnishings, and a striking painting of the death of St. Joseph.

·        Chiesa Nuova in Assisi: This was the baroque church commissioned by King Philip III that marked the birthplace of St. Francis of Assisi.  Here, too, is the cell in which St. Francis was detained by his family.

• Santa Maria Maggiore in Assisi:  This Romanesque church was the cathedral of Assisi until 1020, and remains the site of the bishop’s residence.

• San Francesco:  This 13^th century Italian Gothic basilica is the location of the tomb of St. Francis of Assisi.  It is notable for its rather extensive frescoes of the lives of St. Francis, St. Martin and many others.  It sits at the west end of Assisi.

·        Santa Maria degli Angeli in Assisi:  This is the church inside the church: the basilica that houses the Porziuncola, the little chapel restored by St. Francis.  It was here in the valley below the town of Assisi, and inside the grounds of this basilica, that St. Francis died.

Thursday, 26 November

·        Vatican Scavi: the excavations under St. Peters, which include the pre-Constantinian necropolis and the actual tomb and bones of St Peters.

Above: Altar of St. Joseph at San Pietro in Vaticano

·        San Pietro in Vaticano:  We heard a public Mass at the altar of St. Joseph, burial place of Sts. Simon and Jude.  After Mass, everyone had an opportunity to look about the Basilica: the tombs of St. Gregory and St. Leo the Great, along with St. Pius X and St. John Paul II were highlights.  Certainly, too, all noted the baldachin and altar of the chair by Bernini, and the statue of St. Peter by Arnolfo da Cambio.  On other days, we heard Mass at the altar of Sts. Processus and Martinian said by our chaplain.

• Santa Maria degli Angeli:  This massive Renaissance Church was designed by Michelangelo, who built it into the baths of Diocletian.  The exterior, clearly part of the old Roman ruins, little prepares one of the scope of the basilica inside.

·         Santa Maria della Vittoria:   This little baroque gem is a splendid example of that architectural style.  Here is housed the famous Bernini statue of St. Teresa of Avila in ecstasy.  This is also the location of the tomb of St. Victoria.

·         Santa Susanna:   This, the American church in Rome, boasts a façade by Carlo Maderno.  That was as much of the church as we were able to admire on our visit.

·         San Bernardo alle Terme:   This austere Cistercian church in Rome was once the titular church of St. Pius X when he was a cardinal.  Only the dean and his wife visited this church, while the rest of the group noted it from the exterior.

• Santa Maria Maggiore: [St. Mary Major]: This Patriarchal Basilica stands on the Esquiline hill, where, on 5 August, it once snowed to indicate the place the church was to be built.  This is another church packed with notable items: the tombs of St. Pius V, Popes Paul V, Sixtus V, Clement VIII, St. Matthias, St. Jerome, Gianlorenzo Bernini, the crib of the Nativity, and the miraculous image of Our Lady Salus Populi Romani.  For those interested, the Torriti apse mosaic, the Cosmatesque floor, and the gold ceiling decorated with the first gold brought back from the New World, are worth noting, as well.

·        Santa Prassede: Aside from its splendid 9^th century mosaic, this church is known for housing the pillar of flagellation.

·        San Alfonso:  This more modern Redemptorist church is the location of the original image of Our Lady of Perpetual Help.

·        Arch of Gallienus:  Perhaps a few noted that we walked under this arch, formerly the site of the Esquiline Gate in the Servian Wall.

Friday, 27 November

• Piazza del Campidoglio:  We walked through this magnificent square on the top of the Capitoline Hill, next to the city hall of Rome.

• Roman Forum:  We walked past this massive archaeological site, the heart of Classical Rome.  We particularly noted the triumphal arches – of Septimus Severus, Titus, and, closest to the Colosseum, of Constantine.

• Colosseum:   This, the Flavian Amphitheatre, is one of the iconic symbols of Rome.  It was constructed by the Flavian Emperors from 72-80AD.

• Santa Francesca Romana:  This church, tucked next to the forum not far from the Colosseum, is the burial place of St. Frances of Rome, whose skeletal remains are visible to visitors.  It is marked by baroque interior decorations along with Romanesque elements, like its bell tower.

• Santa Maria dei Monti:  This 16^th century church is the burial place of St. Benoit-Joseph Labre.

• Ss. Sergius e Bacchus:  This little church is currently run by Ukrainian Catholics.

·        San Pietro in Vincoli:  This church is the home of both the relics of the chains that bound St. Peter – displayed at the high altar – along with the statue of Moses by Michelangelo, in what was part of his funeral monument for Pope Julius II.

·        San Clemente:  This was the twelfth-century basilica that was run by Irish Dominicans.  It had a wonderful mosaic of the cross being the source of life for a vine, along with a courtyard out front, and two layers of excavations (both a 4^th century church and 1^st century temple of Mithras).

·        Scala Santa:  [The Holy Stairs]: These stairs were those brought back from Jerusalem by St. Helen. They originally lead to the Praetorium there, where Our Lord would have been questioned by Pontius Pilate.  Upstairs is the “Holy of Holies” where an image reputed to have been painted by St. Luke is kept.  On the side of the building is a mosaic that would have once been in the Lateran Palace, and date to the pontificate of Pope St. Leo III around 800AD.

·        Santa Croce in Gerusalemme:  This church is on the location of what was once the palace of St. Helen.  Here is housed the relics of the Passion: part of the inscription, a nail, a couple of thorns, parts of the True Cross, the cross beam of the good thief’s cross, and the finger of St. Thomas.

·        San Giovanni in Laterano: [St. John Lateran]: The pope’s cathedral, this basilica is packed with numerous items of note.  The Borromini interior and the Galilei façade can hardly compare to the spiritual riches: the relics of the heads of Peter and Paul, the table of the Last Supper, the papal altar of St. Peter, the tombs of Popes Leo XIII, Innocent III, and Martin V.  The obelisk next to the basilica, decorated in hieroglyphics, happens to be the oldest in Rome, brought to the city in 357AD by Constantine II, but originally from the Temple of Amun at Thebes, Egypt, constructed in the 14^th century BC.  We heard a public Mass here in a side chapel.

Saturday, 28 November

Not a church: a car along the Tiber River abandoned to the guano of the starling

·        Tiber Island:   Walking across the island in the Tiber River, we saw a few sites of note, including San Bartolomeo all’Isola. This Church on Tiber Island is the location of the relics of St. Bartholomew the Apostle.  Sadly, it was closed to visitors when we came by.  Ponte Cestio and Ponte Fabricio: The two bridges to Tiber Island are two of the oldest across the river in Rome.  Ponte Cestio crosses from the island to Trastevere and was restored in 370AD, while Ponte Fabricio from the island to downtown Rome and the Ghetto was built in 62BC.

·        Ghetto:  This neighborhood, dominated by the Synagogue of Rome, with its squarish dome, was the center of the Jewish population of the city, and the required residence of Jews during much of the Papal rule of the city.

·        Santa Maria in Campitelli:  This church, designed by Carlo Rainaldi in the 17^th century, was built to house the image of the Madonna del Portico.  Today, it is also the home of the tomb of St. John Leonardi.

·        Chiesa del Gesu:  Often referred to simply as “The Gesu.” This is the Jesuit headquarters church in Rome.  It is a splendid baroque church – the prototype of this style, in fact.  Here is buried St. Ignatius of Loyola, and is housed the arm of St. Francis Xavier.  Our group heard a public Mass here in a side chapel.

• Theatre of Marcellus:  This Imperial Theatre turned medieval fortress was originally constructed by the Emperor Augustus.

• San Nicola in Carcere:  This medieval church sits on the site of Republican-era Temples, turned later into the location of a prison.

·        Arch of Janus:  This Constantinian-era arch is distinctive for its four piers.

·        San Giorgio in Velabro:   This ancient Romanesque Church houses the relics of St. George, and was once the titular church of Blessed Cardinal John Henry Newman.

·        Santa Anastasia:  We viewed the façade of this church, formerly where the Holy Father would worship on Christmas morning.

·        Circus Maximus:  This was the largest of the many circuses or race tracks, of Rome.  This sits between the Palatine and Aventine Hills.  We had the good fortune of reviving the races here.

• Santa Maria in Cosmedin:   This Romanesque church is now maintained by Eastern-Rite Catholics.  It houses the skull of St. Valentine, out front, is popular with tourists for the Boca della Verita: the Mouth of Truth.

• Forum Boarium:  This collection of Republican-era temples sits next to the Tiber River.  We walked past and admired it!

• Santa Cecilia in Trastevere: This Romanesque church sits atop the ancient home of St. Cecilia, and it is here that she is now buried.  Famous, indeed, is the Maderno statue here that portrays St. Cecilia as she was found in the catacombs.

• San Crisogono:  This Trinitarian church in the Trastevere neighborhood was the burial site of Blessed Anna Maria Taigi.  The anticipated start of a funeral chased us out rather quickly.

• Santa Maria in Trastevere:  This Romanesque church was the site of a splendid apse mosaic, the well of oil, and one of the more magnificent stops in the tour of the Trastevere neighborhood.

·        Ponte Sisto:  We crossed the Tiber River on this 15^th century bridge, commissioned by Pope Sixtus IV, the same pontiff that had the Sistine Chapel built.

·        Santa Maria in Aracoeli:  This church, wedged next to the Victor Emmanual Monument on the Capitoline Hill, is a beautiful Romanesque structure, and the site of both the tomb of St. Helen and the state of Bambino Jesu.

Sunday, 29 November

• Gesu e Maria:  On Sunday morning we heard Mass at the parish of Gesu e Maria on the Via del Corso, said by Cardinal de Paolis.  This is an Augustinian church, designed by Carlo Rainaldi, where the Institute of Christ the King offers their Sunday Mass in Rome.

• Piazza & Porta del Popolo:   This is the north gate of Rome, and adjoining square, striking for its open space and the double domed churches, sits at the north gate of the city of Rome, and was once the site of public executions and the entry way of most pilgrims coming into Rome.  The obelisk in the square was originally brought to Rome by the Emperor Augustus to sit in the Circus Maximus.  The church of Santa Maria del Popolo was, sadly, not open for tours when we passed by.

·        S. Maria in Montesanto:  Looking south from Piazza del Popolo, this is the left of the twin churches.  This was designed by Carlo Rainaldi and completed by Carlo Fontana.

·        S. Maria dei Miracoli:  Looking south from Piazza del Popolo, this is the right of the twin churches.

·        S. Atanasio:  This 16^th century Eastern-Rite church sits on Via del Babuino, in a rather smart shopping district.  It is in the care of the Congregation for the Oriental Churches.

• San Francesco a Ripa:  This 17^th century Franciscan church in Trastevere is the site where St. Francis of Assisi once stayed while visiting Rome.  It houses the Bernini statue, Blessed Ludovica Albertoni in Ecstasy.  It is also the burial place of St. Charles of Sezze.

• Santa Sabina:  This Dominican church on the Aventine Hill is a wonderful example of Romanesque architecture, and is where the Holy Father traditionally says Mass on Ash Wednesday.

• Ss. Bonifacio e Alessio:  This church on the Aventine Hill marks the site of the home of St. Alexius, the beggar saint who died after living under the stair well of his our family’s home.  This church on the Aventine Hill marks the site of the home of St. Alexius, the beggar saint who died after living under the stair well of his own family’s home.  There is a memorable side chapel featuring the stairs of St. Alexius.  This church is a dramatic mix of architectural styles and eras.

·        San Gregorio Magno:  This church sits on the site of the monastery-home of Pope St. Gregory the Great.  It was from here that St. Augustine of Canterbury was dispatched to preach the Gospel in Anglo-Saxon England.  The church today has many 17^th century architectural elements and houses the chair of St. Gregory the Great.

Monday, 30 November

·        San Pietro in Vaticano:  Mass at the tomb of Pope St. Pius X with our chaplain.

·        Vatican Museums:  This world-class museum includes the master-Renaissance works of the Raphael rooms and Sistine Chapel.

·        Piazza di Spagna: The Spanish Steps, near the Spanish Embassy, with the church of S. Trinita dei Monti at the top, is simply a classic Roman scene.

·        Column of the Immaculate Conception:  This column, erected in 1857, commemorates the solemn definition of Pope Blessed Pius IX, and is marked with Old Testament prophecies related to the Blessed Virgin Mary.

·        Via Condotti:  We walked down this street, lined with overpriced, designer shops.

·        Via del Corso:  We visited this road on Sunday, as well – it is the straight road from the Piazza Venezia and the Capitoline Hill in the south to the Porta and Piazza del Popolo at the north gate of the city. It is lined with stylish shops.

·        Santi Ambrogio e Carlo: This large baroque church dedicated to Saints Ambrose and Charles Borromeo is the church of the Lombards (around Milan) in Rome.  It is here that the heart of St. Charles Borrromeo is kept.

·        San Silvestro in Capite: This, the English church in Rome, houses the head of St. John the Baptist in a side chapel.

·        San Claudio: This little church, which features perpetual adoration, houses the tomb of St. Peter Julian Eymard.

·        Santa Maria in Via: This modest church dedicated to Our Lady features a miraculous well and image at the back of the church.  Pilgrims are able to drink from the well!

·        Trevi Fountain: Commissioned by Pope Clement XII, this 18^th century fountain is another classic Roman landmark.

·        Santi Vincenzio e Anastasio: This baroque church overlooks the Trevi Fountain, and is the site of the hearts of the popes from Pope Sixtus V to Leo XIII.

• Santi XII Apostoli: This church, located at the site of the 5^th century church, was decorated in the early 18^th century by Carlo Fontana.  It houses the tombs of the Apostles, Sts. Philip and James the Lesser, along with Pope Clement XIV.

·        Piazza Venezia:  This grand square sits at the base of the Capitoline Hill, and is the location of the Palazzo Venezia, the former Venetian Embassy, and favorite speech site of Benito Mussolini, and the Victor Emmanuel Monument, the “wedding cake.”  Likewise, the Venetian Church in Rome, San Marco, is on this square.

·        Sant’Andrea della Valle: This is a Theatine church on the Corso Vittorio Emmanuelle.  It is the burial place of Popes Pius II and Pius III; also St. Joseph Mary Tomasi.  It is memorable for its large dome, and the giant paintings of St. Andrew’s martyrdom around the altar.

·        San Lorenzo in Damaso:  This church, originally constructed by the 4^th century Pope, St. Damasus I, is now attached to the Palazzo della Cancelleria, the seat of the Apostolic Signatura, and formerly the site of the Papal Chancellery.

Tuesday, 1 December

·        San Paolo fuori le mura: [St. Paul’s outside the walls]: This is the Patriarchal Basilica where Saint Paul the Apostle is buried.  It is memorable for its medallions of all of the popes, and for the splendid courtyard in the front with its statue of Paul.  This church is Romanesque in style, rebuilt in the 19^th century imitating the earlier design of the church.

·        Catacombs of San Callisto:  This massive underground Christian cemetery is located on the old Appian Way.  It was in these catacombs that St. Cecilia and a number of Pontiffs were buried.

·        San Sebastiano fuori le mura:  This basilica on the old Appian Way, in addition to acting as the entrance to another set of catacombs, is the burial place of St. Sebastian and home of a bust by Bernini of Jesus Christ.

·        Tomb of Cecilia Matella:  This massive mausoleum on the old Appian Way was converted into a fortress during the medieval era.  Across the street is the ruined Cistercian Gothic church, San Nicola.

On our bus trip to the sites outside the walls that day, we saw, but did not stop at:

·        Pyramid of Caius Cestius: This peculiar monument was built as a memorial to a praetor who died in 12BC, later set into the Aurelian Wall as we see today.

·        Porta di San Sebastiano:  This is the massive gate in the Aurelian Wall of Rome that marks where the Via Appia Antica enters the old city.

·        Baths of Caracalla:  These massive ruins are the site of the bath complex constructed during the 3^rd century AD for the Emperor Caracalla.

·        Via Appia Antica:  This is the most famous of the old Roman roads.  Along this road are the Catacombs of San Callisto, San Sebastiano, and just south of the Tomb of Cecilia Matella, a stretch still paved with the original basalt boulders.

·        Church of Domine Quo Vadis: This little chapel is built on the site where St. Peter had his vision of Christ during the persecution of Nero.

All photos courtesy of this blogger's father!

Live well!